Paranasal sinuses

The sinus is an air space within a bone. Sinuses are lined by mucous membranes and communicate with the nasal cavity.

Horse

  1. Frontal sinus
  2. Caudal maxillary sinus
  3. Sphenopalatine sinus
  4. Rostral maxillary sinus

Frontal sinuses

Caudal limit__ plane of the zygomatic processes of the frontal bones.
Rostral limit__ a point midway between orbit and infraorbital foramen

Rostral maxillary sinuses

Caudal limit__ Rostral border of orbit.
Rostral limit__ A line from infraorbital foramen to rostral end of facial crest.
Dorsal limit__ A line from the infraorbital foramen parallel to the facial crest.
Ventral limit__ Facial crest.

Ox

Ox has one large caudal frontal sinus and two or three small rostral frontal sinuses. The right and left frontal sinuses are separated by a median septum.

Caudal frontal sinuses

Laterally__ 4 cm caudal to the lateral angle of the eye, through the most lateral extent of the external lamina of the frontal bone.
Caudally__ Over the nuchal diverticulum halfway from the midline to the base of the horn.

Rostral frontal sinuses

These are located between the rostral half of the orbit and the median septum.

Maxillary sinuses

Bounded dorsally by a line from the medial angle of the eye to the infraorbital foramen, and ventrally by a line from the zygomatic arch to the facial tuberosity.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Sugar •        Sugar has been described both in history and recently as a topical wound treatment. •        The basis for its use is its high osmolality. •        Thus, it is effective in reducing edema due to its hydrophilic action. •        It has also been reported to attract macrophages, accelerate slough of devitalized tissue, provide cellular energy, and promote granulation tissue. •        Its use should be discontinued after the wound has a good bed of granulation tissue. •        It has been reported to be effective against Staph., Strep., Enterobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Serratia organisms. •          It reportedly does not cause hyperglycemia. •        It should be used with caution on large wounds. Its hydrophilic action can pull more fluids, electrolytes, and proteins from the wound tissues.  
Read more

Nematodes

Image
    General Characteristics: Nematodes are commonly called roundworms because, as the name suggests, they are round when viewed in cross section. They are cylindrical in structure and taper towards their anterior and posterior ends. They are bilaterally symmetrical. The sexes are separate in most species, a few are hermaphrodite. Nematodes that parasitize domestic animals are found in all parts of the body but are most commonly found in the digestive and respiratory tracts, and in the circulatory system.
Read more
PHYSICAL EXAM PROCESS 1)  Signalment / History 2)  General Appearance / Initial Observations 3)  Vital Signs 4)  Physical Exam (Systems Approach or Head to Toe) 5)  Surgical / Anesthetic Risk Assessment 6)  RAVS Animal Condition (RAC) Score
Read more