Lungs percussion and auscultation

Percussion

There are two methods
  1. Finger percussion
  2. Hammer and pleximeter
   In the finger percussion method, the middle finger of one hand is held in intercostal space and is struck between the distal interphalangeal joint and the nail, with the tip of the middle finger of the other hand.

Auscultation

There are two methods
  1. With stethoscope
  2. Direct method (put your ear directly to the area)

Normal sounds

   Normal sounds occur due to the oscillation of respiratory tissue as the gas passes through them and due to rapid fluctuation of air pressure.
Sounds vary with the position of the stethoscope, thickness of the thoracic wall, and pattern of respiration.

Abnormal sounds

     Abnormal sounds are intermittent crackles, non-musical exploring sounds that occur due to the sudden opening of the obstructive airways. These may be associated with Bronchopneumonia, Interstitial pneumonia, or pulmonary edema.
Continuous sounds are musical, whistling sounds that occur due to air passing through a narrowed air passage by spasm, edema, foreign bodies, neoplasia, or tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy.
Inspiratory wheezing may occur due to stenosis of the larynx, trachea, or bronchi. The cranial and dorsal borders of the lung are the same in all animals. The basal border, which intersects the other, two, varies with species.
The dorsal border is formed by the triceps muscle, which extends from the caudal angle of the scapula to the Olecranon.
The basal border of the lung area ascends from the olecranon to the next to the last intercostals space at the dorsal border.

Horse

The basal border passes from the 6th costochondral junction to the 16th intercostals space in a curve.

Ox

The basal border passes in a straight line from the 6th rib to the margin of spinal muscles in the 11th intercostals space.

Dog

The basal border runs in a strong curve from the costochondral junction of the 6th rib to the margin of spinal muscles in the 11th intercostals space.

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