Nematodes

Introduction

Definitions

1. Radiology

            Branch of medical science which deals with the diagnostic and therapeutic application of radiant energy e.g. X-rays etc.

2. VETERINARY RADIOLOGY

            Branch of science which uses radiant energy principally for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the domestic, zoo, and laboratory animals.

3. RADIOLOGIST

            Any the person qualified in medical or veterinary sciences and radiological physics to use radiant energy in the diagnostic, therapeutic and research fields of medicine.

4. RADIOGRAPHER

            A a technically trained person who can obtain quality radiographs for use by a radiologist.

5. x-rays

            A the special type of electromagnetic radiation which has high energy, extremely short wavelength, no mass or charge, and travels at the speed of light.

6. RADIOGRAPH

            X-rays interact with body tissues with some degree of absorption in the exposed tissues. This photographic record of the extent of penetrability of X-rays through the exposed tissue parts is called a radiograph. 

Historical Perspective Of Radiology

• November 8, 1895. Wilhelm Conard Roentgen discovered X-rays
• 1896. The first dental radiograph was taken by Koning and Morten
• 1896. The first veterinary radiograph, of an equine foot, was taken by Paton and Duncan.
• 1898. Contrast Studies using Bismath meals were conducted first time by Cannon
• December 10, 1901. W. C. Roentgen received first Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of X-rays.
• 1913 development of grid to minimize the scatter radiation.
• 1928, International Recommendations on radiation safety was published
• Early 1950’s medical use of ultrasound
• 1972, computed tomography developed by G.N. Hounsfield in England.

Scope and use of veterinary radiology

•  As a diagnostic tool 
• To select techniques of treatment for the fracture repair 
• To detect previously unrecognized lesions 
• To monitor the efficacy of a treatment schedule 
• To determine the age of animals 
• To examine postmortem material 
• For examining archaeological samples of animal origin 
• For research purposes e.g. monitoring healing of a specific fracture and different techniques of fracture repair etc.

directional terms (radiographic views)

The directional terms are based on the the principle that each view should be able to indicate the direction that the central ray of the primary beam of X-ray penetrates the body part being examined i.e. from the point of entry to the point of exit. Cranial: Part of the neck, trunk, and tail positioned towards the head from any given point. It also describes the aspect of limb facing the head and above carpal and tarsal joints.

Rostral: Part of the head positioned towards nares from any given point on the head e.g. nostrils are rostral to the eyes.

Caudal: Parts of the head, neck and trunk positioned towards the tail from any given point and aspects of limbs facing tail but proximal to the carpal and tarsal joints.

Palmar: it replaces caudal in the forelimb from the carpal joint distally

Plantar: it replaces caudal in the hindlimb from the tarsal joint distally

Dorsal: it describes the following:     

i)             The upper aspect of the head, neck, trunk, and tail, also means towards the vertebrae or back.

ii)           Aspects of the limb from the carpal or tarsal joint distally.

Ventral: lower aspects of the head, neck, trunk, and tail, also means towards the lower aspects of the animal.

Proximal: Describes nearness to the point of origin of a structure e.g. the scapula is proximal to the humerus.

Distal: describes a point farther away from the point of origin of a structure e.g., the radius is distal to the humerus.

            In a view when only two directional terms are used standard listing is done e.g. ventrodorsal, dorsopalmar, etc. in ventrodorsal the term, it is clear that central ray enters from the ventral side and exits from the dorsal side.