Epidural anesthesia

Horse

Anesthesia is administered between the sacrum and first caudal vertebrae or between the first and second caudal vertebra. The point of injection is a palpable depression formed on the dorsal surface when the tail is raised. Only skin muscles and fascia cover the vertebral canal in between vertebrae.

Cow

1. Lumbar epidural anesthesia

Draw a line across the cranial edges of the tips of the transverse process of L2. Space is 1.5 cm caudal to the line.

2. Sacrocaudal epidural anesthesia

Grasp the tail and move it up and down, the first moveable interphalangeal joint is between Cd1 and Cd2.

3. Paravertebral anesthesia

The spinal nerves emerge from the caudal vertebral notch or lateral foramen of the vertebrae of the same number. The nerve runs obliquely caudally. These spinal nerves can be anesthetized where they leave the intervertebral foramen 5 cm from the midline on a line connecting the caudal border of each pair of transverse processes or the caudal border of the last rib for T13.
          At the level of intervertebral foramen injection also paralyzes the muscles of the back on the side of the operation causing a lateral curvature of the vertebral column in standing cow which causes the viscera to bulge out of the flank incision. These side effects can be avoided by making infiltration on the tip of the transverse process to block the ventral branch and s/c over the tip to block the dorsal branch.
          Another method is by making superficial and deep injections along a line caudal and parallel to the last rib and along a horizontal line just distal to the tips of transverse processes. The two lines connect dorsally in the angle made by the last rib and transverse process of L1.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Sugar •        Sugar has been described both in history and recently as a topical wound treatment. •        The basis for its use is its high osmolality. •        Thus, it is effective in reducing edema due to its hydrophilic action. •        It has also been reported to attract macrophages, accelerate slough of devitalized tissue, provide cellular energy, and promote granulation tissue. •        Its use should be discontinued after the wound has a good bed of granulation tissue. •        It has been reported to be effective against Staph., Strep., Enterobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Serratia organisms. •          It reportedly does not cause hyperglycemia. •        It should be used with caution on large wounds. Its hydrophilic action can pull more fluids, electrolytes, and proteins from the wound tissues.  
Read more

Nematodes

Image
    General Characteristics: Nematodes are commonly called roundworms because, as the name suggests, they are round when viewed in cross section. They are cylindrical in structure and taper towards their anterior and posterior ends. They are bilaterally symmetrical. The sexes are separate in most species, a few are hermaphrodite. Nematodes that parasitize domestic animals are found in all parts of the body but are most commonly found in the digestive and respiratory tracts, and in the circulatory system.
Read more
PHYSICAL EXAM PROCESS 1)  Signalment / History 2)  General Appearance / Initial Observations 3)  Vital Signs 4)  Physical Exam (Systems Approach or Head to Toe) 5)  Surgical / Anesthetic Risk Assessment 6)  RAVS Animal Condition (RAC) Score
Read more