Nematodes

Culture media

A culture media is the mixture of organic and inorganic substances in which microorganisms are grown. While the culture is any deliberate growth or cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory. 

Classification of culture media used in microbiology laboratory on the basis of consistency

Solid medium

The solid medium contains agar at a concentration of 1.5-2.0% or some other, mostly inert solidifying agent. Solid medium has a physical structure and allows bacteria to grow in physically informative or useful ways (e.g. as colonies or in streaks). Solid medium is useful for isolating bacteria or for determining the colony characteristics of the isolate. 

Semisolid media 

They are prepared with agar at concentrations of 0.5% or less. They have a soft custard-like consistency and are useful for the cultivation of microaerophilic bacteria or for the determination of bacterial motility.

Liquid (Broth) medium 

These media contains specific amounts of nutrients but don’t have a trace of gelling agents such as gelatin or agar. The broth medium serves various purposes such as propagation of a large number of organisms, fermentation studies, and various other tests. e.g. sugar fermentation tests, MR-VR broth.

Classification of culture media based on the basis of composition

Synthetic or chemically defined medium 

A chemically defined medium is one prepared from purified ingredients and therefore whose exact composition is known.
A non-synthetic or chemically undefined medium
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Non-synthetic medium 

It contains at least one component that is neither purified nor completely characterized nor even completely consistent from batch to batch. Often these are partially digested proteins from various organism sources. Nutrient broth, for example, is derived from the cultures of yeasts.
 
The synthetic medium may be simple or complex depending upon the supplement incorporated in it. A simple non-synthetic medium is capable of meeting the nutrient requirements of organisms requiring relatively few growth factors were as complex non-synthetic medium support the growth of more fastidious microorganisms.

Classification of Bacterial Culture Media based on the basis of purpose/ functional use/ application

 Many special-purpose media are needed to facilitate recognition, enumeration, and isolation of certain types of bacteria. To meet these needs, numerous media are available.

General-purpose media/ Basic media 

Basal media are basically simple media that supports most non-fastidious bacteria. Peptone Water, nutrient broth, and nutrient agar are considered as basal medium. These media are generally used for the primary isolation of microorganisms.

Enriched medium (Added growth factors) 

The addition of extra nutrients in the form of blood, serum, egg yolk, etc, to the basal medium, makes them enriched media. Enriched media are used to grow nutritionally exacting (fastidious) bacteria. Blood agar, chocolate agar, Loeffler’s serum slope, etc are a few of the enriched media. Blood agar is prepared by adding 5-10% (by volume) blood to a blood agar base. Chocolate agar is also known as heated blood agar or lysed blood agar.

Selective and enrichment media 

These are designed to inhibit unwanted commensal or contaminating bacteria and help to recover pathogen from a mixture of bacteria. While selective media are agar-based, enrichment media are liquid inconsistency. Both these media serve the same purpose. Any agar media can be made selective by the addition of certain inhibitory agents that don’t affect the pathogen of interest. Various approaches to making a medium selective include addition of antibiotics, dyes, chemicals, alteration of pH, or a combination of these.

Selective medium 

Principle: Differential growth suppression: Selective medium is designed to suppress the growth of some microorganisms while allowing the growth of others. The selective medium is agar-based (solid) medium so that individual colonies may be isolated. 
Examples of selective media include:

1. Thayer Martin Agar used to recover N.gonorrhoeae contains antibiotics; vancomycin, colistin, and nystatin.
2.  Mannitol Salt Agar and Salt Milk Agar used to recover S.aureus contains 10% NaCl.
3. The potassium tellurite medium used to recover C.diphtheriae contains 0.04% potassium tellurite.
4. MacConkey’s Agar used for Enterobacteriaceae members contains bile salt that inhibits most gram-positive bacteria.
5. Pseudosel Agar (Cetrimide Agar) used to recover P. aeruginosa contains cetrimide (antiseptic agent).
6. Crystal Violet Blood Agar used to recover S. pyogenes contains 0.0002% crystal violet.
7. Lowenstein Jensen Medium used to recover M.tuberculosis is made selective by incorporating malachite green.
8. Wilson and  Blair’s Agar for recovering S. typhi is rendered selective by the addition of dye brilliant green.
9. Selective media such as TCBS Agar used for isolating V. cholerae from fecal specimens have elevated pH (8.5-8.6), which inhibits most other bacteria.

Enrichment culture medium 

The enrichment medium is used to increase the relative concentration of certain microorganisms in the culture prior to plating on solid selective medium. Unlike selective media, enrichment culture is typically used as a broth medium. Enrichment media are liquid media that also serves to inhibit commensals in the clinical specimen. Selenite F broth, tetrathionate broth and alkaline peptone water (APW) are used to recover pathogens from fecal specimens.

Differential/ indicator medium: Differential appearance: 

Certain media are designed in such a way that different bacteria can be recognized on the basis of their colony color. Various approaches include the incorporation of dyes, metabolic substrates, etc, so that those bacteria that utilize them appear as differently colored colonies. Such media are called differential media or indicator media. Differential media allow the growth of more than one microorganism of interest but with morphologically distinguishable colonies. Examples of differential media include:

1. Mannitol salts agar (mannitol fermentation = yellow)
2. Blood agar (various kinds of hemolysis i.e. α, β and γ hemolysis)
3. Mac Conkey agar (lactose fermenters, pink colonies whereas non- lactose fermenters produces pale or colorless colonies.
4. TCBS (Vibrio cholera produces yellow colonies due to fermentation of sucrose)

Transport media:

Clinical specimens must be transported to the laboratory immediately after collection to prevent overgrowth of contaminating organisms or commensals. This can be achieved by using transport media. Such media prevent drying (desiccation) of the specimen, maintain the pathogen to commensal ratio, and inhibit the overgrowth of unwanted bacteria. Some of these media (Stuart’s & Amie’s) are semi-solid inconsistency. The addition of charcoal serves to neutralize inhibitory factors.

•  Cary Blair transport medium and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (VR) medium are used to transport feces from suspected cholera patients.
• Sach’s buffered glycerol saline is used to transport feces from patients suspected to be suffering from bacillary dysentery.  
• Pike’s medium is used to transport streptococci from throat specimens.

Anaerobic media:

Anaerobic bacteria need special media for growth because they need low oxygen content, reduced oxidation-reduction potential, and extra nutrients. Media for anaerobes may have to be supplemented with nutrients like hemin and vitamin K. Such media may also have to be reduced by physical or chemical means. Boiling the medium serves to expel any dissolved oxygen. The addition of 1% glucose, 0.1% thioglycollate, 0.1% ascorbic acid, 0.05% cysteine, or red hot iron filings can render a medium reduced. Before using the medium must be boiled in a water bath to expel any dissolved oxygen and then sealed with sterile liquid paraffin.
Robertson Cooked Meat (RCM) medium that is commonly used to grow Clostridium spp contains a 2.5 cm column of bullock heart meat and 15 ml of nutrient broth. Thioglycollate broth contains sodium thioglycollate, glucose, cystine, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate. Methylene blue or resazurin is an oxidation-reduction potential indicator that is incorporated in the medium. Under the reduced conditions, methylene blue is colorless.

Assay media 

These media are used for the assay of vitamins, amino acids, and antibiotics. E.g. antibiotic assay media are used for determining antibiotic potency by the microbiological assay technique.
Other types of medium include

• Media for enumeration of Bacteria, 
• Media for characterization of Bacteria.
•  Maintenance media etc.